TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification (Pvt.) Ltd.

Different Types of Mechanical Testing Services and Materials

Different Types of Mechanical Testing Services and Materials

The mechanical testing services is one of a sequence of tests that are used in the process of designing products and part manufacturing to identify the material characterization, selection and verification of products.

This article will present the tests conducted and their application in the design of products and parts manufacturing.

What is Mechanical Testing?

The mechanical testing services is a sequence of standard tests used to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties and the suitability of its applications. It is necessary to design products and manufacture parts due to the need to meet the standards of organizations like ISO. These tests enable manufacturers to identify poor-quality materials and select the best product.

Five Types of Mechanical Testing – Measure Material’s Strength

There are a variety of mechanical engineering tests that can be used to determine the strength of a material that is found in various resins, plastics, and metal strength charts. Each test is unique in its method and difficulty, which can reveal information on several parameters related to strength. Please find out about the commonly used tests and what they cover.

Torsion Testing

Testing for Torsion is a different type of testing in mechanical that examines the material’s behaviour when exposed to stress through an angle of displacement. It provides information on the material’s shear modulus of elastic and shear yield strength.

It also includes information about shear strength and the shear modulus of fracture and ductility. Contrary to tensile tests, Torsion testing is applied to products and materials.

In addition, various types of torsion testing are discussed below.

  • Torsion only: Applying only torsional force to the material.
  • Testing for failures: Testing for failure involves bending the product or material until it is broken or there is a noticeable defect.
  • Testing for proof: applying a torsional force to the material and holding that tension for a specific period.
  • Functional testing: Testing to determine the behaviour of a material under the torsional force and load.

As per ISO, the standard tests for torsional are ISO 7800 (Torsion Testing of Metallic Wire).

Fatigue Testing

The test for mechanical fatigue tests determines how a substance behaves in the face of varying loads that are applied axially, through flexure or Torsion. The process involves exposing materials to a minimum load and alternating one. In the end, the material is likely to fatigue (i.e., it will break when the material fails).

The results will be presented during the test as an S-N diagram, which is an illustration that shows the frequency of cycles that fail in the strength of the stress cyclical (which can refer to stress amplify, max stress, or minimum stress).

Fracture Mechanics Testing Services

Testing for fracture mechanics allows manufacturers to know how small the amount of energy is required to split a material with a crack in two. In addition, it will enable manufacturers to assess the material’s resistance to fracture through intrinsic stress.

Based on the information, manufacturers can examine the brittle fracture and determine the grain size, case depth, etc.

Mechanical Testing Services

Compressive Testing

Compressive testing is a different fundamental mechanical engineering test that determines a material’s behaviour when exposed to crushing forces. It is crucial in part manufacturing as materials undergo various stages.

Creep Testing

Creep testing, also known as stress-relaxation tests, exposes the material’s continuous stress at high temperatures while recording deformation over the specified time interval. Then, the operators chart the creep about duration on graphs to determine the rate of creep (slope of graph).

This test permits manufacturers to identify a material’s capacity to shrink under constant tension in constant temperatures (to include the effects of thermal shrinkage or expansion). This is crucial for specific materials like springs, metal workings, and soldered joints.

Tests to Measure Material’s Mechanical Properties

The various types of tests for mechanical strength above allow manufacturers to determine the properties of a material’s strength. But these tests do not reveal how to select specific properties like hardness, stiffness, and resistance to corrosion.

Take a look at four commonly used mechanical properties tests.

Hardness Testing

The hardness test lets manufacturers assess the hardness of a material, i.e., the ability of the product to withstand indentation. The test is performed only for the materials. Thus, there is no requirement to test the final product. There are a variety of tests of hardness in metal.

But the most commonly used tests are:

Brinell Hardness Test

This is the most straightforward testing for hardness to carry out. It is done by indenting the substance by placing a steel ball on the material and then putting an object onto it.

The operator then measures the indentation created by the steel ball and loads at a set time by calibrating an instrument. Then, they calculate an estimate of the Brinell the Hardness Number (BHN) by dividing bags by the surface of the indentation area.

The benefit of using the Brinell hardness test is that the user doesn’t need to be concerned about the roughness of the surface. In addition, it’s also ideal for bulk metal hardness measurement.

Vickers Hardness Test

Vickers steel hardness test is similar in concept to the Brinell test. However, in contrast to it, the ball made of steel employs diamonds as an indenter. Additionally, it’s better since the indentation’s depth is not a factor in the accuracy, as the diamond indenter cannot be deformed.

The operator positions an indenter over the surface and then puts the weight on it.

Corrosion Resistance

Corrosion tests accelerate to evaluate the coating and non-coated metals’ reactions in non-saline and saline environments. There are a variety of difficulties that conform to international standards.

Salt Spray Testing is the most common and widely used method to test coated and uncoated materials’ resistance to corrosion. This involves spraying material using a saltwater solution and checking what the colour of the oxide looks like.

Exposure Testing for CASS This is a severe corrosion testing procedure for aluminium alloys and chrome plating on steel and zinc alloys. The test may be cosmetic or functional and determine the duration of exposure (not longer than 48 hours).

Immersion Corrosion Testing The process of testing for corrosion in the presence of an immersion involves placing a substance in an aggressive, aqueous atmosphere. Then, analytical techniques are used to identify the weight loss caused by corrosion.

  • Non-destructive Tests

Non-destructive tests (NDT) (also known as non-destructive examination, are a collection of procedures that allow you to test the properties of a material without causing damage to the material. The most common NDT techniques used in part manufacturing include:

  • Acoustic Emission Testing

This test is a passive mechanical inspection for the industrial sector. It allows you to identify active cracks in the product and material. It is done by sending short pulses that emit ultrasound throughout the development and material.

  • Electromagnetic Testing

The process involves passing either an electrical current or magnetic force through the material to identify flaws, measure the thickness or detect materials.

  • Internal Audit

Internal audits in the design of the product and, in part, manufacturing permit manufacturers to gain access to their manufacturing processes, materials, and products, as well as ensure compliance with the international standards required.

A thorough internal audit will reveal whether the materials used in the process pass the internationally-standardized tests. If they don’t, then the manufacturers must find an alternative. But any solution will take time and energy.

  • External Audit

The external audit is an audit process wherein an individual or a company exposes another company’s product to various tests. In the end, they can determine conformance to international standards.

Products not subjected to mechanical tests can result in products that do not pass an audit from outside. In addition, it could cause an erosion of confidence in the product.

  • Increased Cost

The use of inferior materials could cause wastage and a lack of authenticity of products. In addition, it can result in manufacturing processes that could be simpler and lead to an increase in the price of production.

Part manufacturers can decrease or even optimize production costs using materials that meet international standards.

  • Product Failure

This is the costliest result of not investing in mechanical testing for industrial use. Failure can destroy the product and cause loss of life and exposure to legal action.

Failure of products is typically due to internal and external audits. However, there could be an oversight during auditing. Therefore, careful investment in the test is crucial.

  • Possibility of a Future Failure

If a product is damaged during testing or service, Failure analysis may help to determine the likelihood of a failure in the future.

Failure analysis is a method that uses deep investigation to discover the reason for the failure of the product and employs analytical methods to analyse the component that has failed. This is why manufacturers rely on the results of failure analysis and can decide the best way to prevent future failures of their products.

Is Industrial Mechanical Testing Services Important?

Structural integrity is a crucial component of manufacturing parts to maintain safety and economic feasibility. The set of tests will determine the part’s structural integrity.

  • Manufacturers

To ensure quality testing, mechanical testing services are essential for every manufacturer. They also allow companies to keep their name and reputation intact, reduce production costs, and prevent products from failing.

Only a few manufacturing companies do not have the equipment required to conduct these tests. So, ensuring you contract with a company with the necessary equipment is essential.

  • Material Dealers

Dealers of materials must ensure that they adhere to international standards since they are the most critical aspect of material acquisition. This is a way to establish credibility for the dealers.

  • Customers/Clients

Every client and customer associated with the manufacturing process should make sure that there is a Mechanical Testing Services on products and materials before, during, and following production. In the end, they can enhance the quality of products and decrease failure.

Conclusion

Mechanical Testing Services is a set of testing methods used for testing materials and products to ensure safety in production, the proper use of materials, and efficiency. It is an integral component of every design and manufacturing industry. This article discussed several mechanics engineering test procedures and their significance in manufacturing.

Are you in search of an item of high-quality made from proven materials? 

Let TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification help you get started. TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification employs advanced techniques and equipment to provide important insight into our material performance.

We can assist you in creating products that are a reflection of confidence and high quality and meet international standards.

Certified Green Power

Certified Green Power

Certified Green PowerNATURKRAFT is a subsidiary of EAA-EnergieAllianz Austria. Energie Burgenland AG holds a ten-per cent stake, and EVN AG and Wien Energie GmbH have a 45-per cent stake, one of Austria’s most environmentally-friendly electricity suppliers.
The company has set itself to supply electricity to customers exclusively from renewable energy sources (water, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, solar, etc.). The origin of its electrical power and the associated environmental impacts are checked annually by TUV AUSTRIA and confirmed through a certificate.

Certified Green Power TUV Austria

TUV AUSTRIA checks NATURKRAFT’s supply sources to provide consumers, companies, cities, and municipalities with the assurance that the green electricity they purchase is produced sustainably in Austria. NATURKRAFT receives a relevant confirmation from TUV AUSTRIA if it is established that the electricity comes from the renewable sources that customers have been assured of.

Refinery Inspection Ensures Safety

Refinery Inspection Ensures Safety

When the facilities are stopped in a six-year cycle at the OMV refinery in Schwechat, there is a reason for it: legally prescribed cleaning, maintenance, and inspection work. The shutdowns are split into two-year periods. After the crude oil processing section last year, it is the turn of the petrochemical area this year. TUV AUSTRIA BIC. has been a safety services partner for OMV for a long time.

Refinery Inspection

A large team of authorized experts will be on-site until mid-June. Every pressure vessel, new welded joint, and flange connection is inspected with the utmost meticulousness by TUV AUSTRIA BIC. technicians – a substantial contribution to ensuring the plant’s safety and environmentally sound operation for the coming years. For TUV AUSTRIA’s experts, however, the focus is not only on the technical security of the plant but also on the issue of occupational safety within the scope of the inspection. Therefore, correct behaviour in any dangerous scenario is practised in numerous training sessions.

Systematic assessment from planning to commissioning

Safety technology has significantly developed over the last few years. Although safety devices for pressure equipment and systems are still being realized with mechanical safety equipment, such as safety valves and rupture discs, electronic safety devices are becoming increasingly apparent. 

The normative and safety requirements for such so-called MCR protection systems (measurement, control, and regulation devices, including, for example, overfill protection for containers and safety chains for steam boilers) are very high. Therefore, they require a systematic assessment from planning to risk analysis and execution and commissioning. 

Being a safety services partner of OMV’s for many years, TUV AUSTRIA BIC. invests a great deal of time and training to ensure its specialists have top-of-the-line qualifications. All departments within the large team of refinery inspectors consequently have the necessary expertise for such safety equipment. 

The preparatory work for testing the MCR protection systems had already started a few months before the refinery was shut down. While the plant is stopped, all the safety equipment will be subjected to appropriate tests, examinations, and assessments until mid-June to allow the systems to continue to be operated safely and reliably in the future.

Efficient test methods, safe facilities

By developing its test methods, the TUV AUSTRIA BIC. materials technology unit has achieved a high reputation domestically and abroad in non-destructive testing of materials. These are methods for assessing the internal condition of materials and welded seams, containers, and pipelines without cutting open the container or the pipeline. Physical, optical, and chemical parameters allow an accurate assessment of a material’s state, making, for example, even the most delicate cracks visible.

 Acoustic emission is also included in non-destructive testing. For example, this method can be used to determine the condition of a container or pipeline of cracks and corrosion. Depending on the application, this examination can even be performed during the ongoing operation of the systems. Therefore, acoustic emission is a time- and money-saving method to examine plants to be sure they are in a safe condition.

 In addition to the classical methods of non-destructive testing, modern imaging methods are also used in inspecting the OMV refinery in Schwechat to determine the current condition of the systems. Depending on the results of these tests, specific repairs are made or, if necessary, components are replaced. Read More…

We develop fully customized quality, safety, and environmental management systems making certification easier and saving a lot of time and money.

Automated Driving

Automated Driving

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification provides guidance and support in setting up test environments. In the next three years, the TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification will be a strategic setup partner of ALP.Lab, the Austrian Light Vehicle Proving Region for Automated Driving. With the project partners AVL, Magna, TU Graz, Joanneum Research, ASFINAG, AIT, TTTech, and Siemens, testing will be carried out on how highly automated vehicles can prevent traffic accidents caused by human error in over 90 per cent of cases.

Automated Driving TUV AustriaDigitrans, an experimental project to establish a test region for automated and connected driving in freight transport, is supported by AIT, Automobile Cluster Upper Austria (Automobilcluster Oberösterreich) ASFINAG, Rosenbauer, Hodlmayer, Kapsch, and MAN. TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification is involved as an associate project partner.

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification also participates in the innovative project auto. Bus – Seestadt with safety- & IT security for systems used in highly automated driving. In Vienna’s new district, technologies are to be tested for autonomous driving in public passenger transport and local public transport. In this three-year project, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification is a partner of Wiener Linien, Wiener Stadtwerk, Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit, AIT, Siemens and nauva.

New vehicle system architectures with redundancies will be necessary for the near future, which transfer control to the human driver in a defined manner in driving modes that are no longer controllable. Fail-operational systems ensure the functional safety of automated vehicles. These have a host of sensors (camera, radar, light detection, and ranging – LiDAR) for the redundancies required.

In addition, new high-performance steering units are planned to manage the fusion of incoming data with its associated processing.
High requirements are naturally posed for safety-related actuators, like brakes and steering. As in all technical fields, the TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification provides guidance and support for ongoing development, with analyses of scenarios and situations to enable automated and connected driving functions.

We develop fully customized quality, safety, and environmental management systems making certification easier and saving a lot of time and money. You need to look at…

Vehicle Fleet of the Future

Vehicle Fleet of the Future

Whether it be a large vehicle fleet or a manageable number of company vehicles – there is a lot of potential in optimizing any vehicle fleet. It begins with the right choice of vehicle or appropriate financing and ranges from professional fleet management to fuel cards and recycling end-of-life vehicles.

Vehicle Fleet TUV AustriaWith its interdisciplinary know-how in the areas of fleet management, transport, CO2 reduction, electric mobility, charging infrastructure, and photovoltaic plants, as well as funding opportunities, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification offers companies a unique portfolio of services. For example, with “e-fleet,” TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification developed an offering in 2016, with which companies not only make an enormous contribution toward preserving the environment and set an example for greater awareness but also save money.

Experts have calculated that people who drive electric vehicles not only drive at significantly less cost than they would with conventional fuel, but they also save around 35 percent in maintenance expenses. E-fleet helps save money e-fleet identifies instances of existing potential in a vehicle fleet and makes them transparent, managing them effectively and efficiently with the help of an innovative online administration portal.

It gives companies a comprehensive account of vehicles, infrastructure, and contracts, all in one place. Special features include, among other things, a compilation of reports according to customized needs and an optional driver’s logbook for each employee. In addition, all vehicles are centrally managed in a modern database and constantly compared with new reference vehicles. Finally, it allows those in charge of vehicle fleets always to know which vehicle is currently best suited to their needs.

In addition, in-service training is offered in fleet management, electric mobility, and the Austrian Federal Energy Efficiency Act. In addition to promoting electric mobility, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification is a competent go-to partner for gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles for vehicle conversions, tuning, and type approvals. With testing locations in Vienna, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, and Styria, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification experts are always close to the motor community in Austria and southern Germany. On top of that, the company also operates one of the giant wheel and tire databases in Europe and has long been a sought-after partner for wheel and tire tests.

We develop fully customized quality, safety, and environmental management systems making certification easier and saving a lot of time and money.

TUV AUSTRIA Group Is Continuously Expanding The Technical Services.

TUV AUSTRIA Group Is Continuously Expanding The Technical Services

With continuous technical modernization of production and work processes, safety and security issues are gaining more importance. Safe working environments are also an essential ingredient for productivity, efficiency, and thus attractive jobs. Only products, services, and processes that have been tested for safety and quality give consumers a palpable sense of security.

TUV Technical ServicesTechnical safety and quality criteria are also a significant plus in the ranking of cities, municipalities, communities, and private institutions, such as hospitals, kindergartens, schools, universities, and sports and leisure facilities. The same applies to the hotel industry, gastronomy, and large food chains.

A top-performing partner with broad expertise must maintain, expand, or establish safety, security, and quality criteria. TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification is a service partner that provides sustainable, flexible, and tailor-made solutions to safety/security, technology, the environment, and quality. In Austria and around the world. With branches and cooperation partners in more than 40 countries, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification Group is not only outstandingly positioned in Austria. Still, it can offer its range of services as a technical safety/security service provider worldwide, with maximum quality and reliability.

With its wide range of services, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification always creates added value: by providing technical expertise, innovative IT security solutions in matters of energy efficiency, customized primary and further training offerings, and much more. The TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification Group has been completely reorganized during a comprehensive organizational project.

To meet the requirements of all its customers and partners in an optimum fashion, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification is organized in four business areas: Industry & Energy, Infrastructure & Transportation, Life, Training & Certification, as well as Service Providers & Public.

Human-Robot Collaboration

Human-Robot Collaboration

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification Fraunhofer Austria, and Joanneum Research set up an exemplary human-robot collaboration system at TU Vienna’s Pilot Factory Industry 4.0 (Pilotfabrik Industrie 4.0) Aspern. The insights gained provide valuable incentives for future industrial production processes. It has become impossible to imagine the economy of the future without the cooperation of humans and robots. In contrast to earlier trends favouring unattended production automation, today, it is about optimum designs for production systems with combinations of humans and machines.

TUV Austria Human-Robot CollabrationIn such Human Robot-Collaboration (HRC), each participant plays a part in their unique abilities. Humans score with their methodology, intuition, flexibility, faculties, and problem-solving orientation, while machines do so with high repetition accuracy, force, and precision as well as with more documentation.

Both together not only increase production efficiency but also ensure an additional boost in quality. TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification, Fraunhofer Austria, and Joanneum Research contribute specific know-how regarding risk assessment in terms of machinery safety, IT security, production management, and production logistics, as well as metrological assessment of HRC systems. TU Vienna’s Industry 4.0 Pilot Factory (Industrie 4.0 Pilotfabrik) enables the testing and research of new product concepts in a protected, low-risk environment.

Safety plays an essential role in the process. Christoph Schwald, corporate innovation manager of TUV AUSTRIA: “Efficiency enhancement and quality improvement can only be successfully implemented in HRC applications if appropriate safety systems are allowed for. Safety must be taken into consideration comprehensively, meaning both functional safety and information security. In an Industry 4.0 context, IT security and machinery safety grow together entirely.”

More in it for the economy

The findings of the tests are transferred directly to industry and business. Fabian Ranz from Fraunhofer Austria: “In addition to the safety aspects, the biggest challenges are not only to ensure technical feasibility but also to guarantee the economic efficiency of the processes. Only then will we achieve a point at which industry will be ready to put the principles we are exploring here into practice.” Michael Hofbaur is setting up a robotics research centre for Joanneum Research.

The researcher introduces the expertise available there to the metrological assessment of HRC systems. “With our findings, we are providing additional added value for the Pilotfabrik in Aspern. Robotics requires specific knowledge, in assembling parts, for instance. We create safe and secure applications through appropriate configurations.”

Production of the future

Robotics has made significant progress in recent years and is constantly evolving. The experts at TUV AUSTRIA, Fraunhofer, and Joanneum Research emphasize that science and technology partners need to develop solutions for dealing with safety and security concerns and risk issues.

TUV AUSTRIA BIC. CERTIFIES THE FINEST INDUSTRIAL PLANTS ALL OVER PAKISTAN

TUV AUSTRIA BIC. CERTIFIES THE FINEST INDUSTRIAL PLANTS ALL OVER PAKISTAN

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification awarded its internationally renowned ISO 9001 Certification to Peoples Steel Mills Ltd, a world-class alloy and unique steel manufacturer finest industrial plant located in Karachi, Pakistan. Set up by the Government of Pakistan in 1975 with Japanese assistance.

The Finest Industrial Plants was upgraded in 1996 through a comprehensive balancing & modernization program with technical help from Bohler of Austria. 

TUV Austria Industrial Plants

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification The leading Engineering and QA/QC organization in Pakistan has skilled and trained 300 grades of the steel-producing layout. The steel mills contribute to the automotive, defence, machinery construction, special/high rise buildings, transportation, and engineering sectors. TUV AUSTRIA Group has the honour of serving customers in more than 300 areas of expertise.

TUV Group boasts a presence of 50 plus offices in more than 40 countries. Its scope of services is extensive in food safety, quality, environmental, occupational health and safety, and other critical sectors.

Safety/security concept for collaborative work systems

Safety/Security Concept for Collaborative Work Systems

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification offers a complete service package in the field of industrial robotics.

  • Risk analysis according to ISO 10218, ISO/TS 15066:2016, assessment of biomechanical limit values according to ISO/TS 15066:2016
  • Support and guidance for development with design and process FMEAs (Failure Mode and Effects Analyses), workplace evaluation
  • Test of functional safety: electrical, electronic, electronically programmable systems, electromagnetic compatibility, electrical tests, type examination according to the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, CE conformity assessment/verifications
  •  IT security manages verification of secure data networking and transmission within the system and to the outside; simulation of attacks on the infrastructure (penetration tests), network security according to ISO/IEC 18028, setup/auditing of information security systems.

Safety/Security Concepts Keys

Safety/Security Concepts for Collaborative Work Systems involve multiple individuals working together to achieve a common goal. These systems often rely on sharing information, resources, and knowledge, which can increase productivity and introduce potential security risks. To ensure the safety and security of collaborative work systems, here are some key concepts to keep in mind:

  1. Access Control: Implement access control mechanisms to ensure that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information and resources. This can include password protection, two-factor authentication, and role-based access control.
  2. Encryption: Use encryption to protect sensitive data and communications. 
  3. Regular Audits: Conduct system audits to identify potential security vulnerabilities and risks. This can include vulnerability scanning, penetration testing, and periodic security assessments.
  4. Backup and Recovery: Implement backup and recovery mechanisms to ensure that critical data and resources can be restored during a security breach or system failure. This can include regular backups, disaster recovery plans, and redundant systems.
  5. Employee Training: Train employees on safe computing practices and cybersecurity awareness. This can include password hygiene, phishing awareness, and social engineering.
  6. Incident Response: Develop an incident response plan to quickly detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents. This can include procedures for reporting incidents, identifying the source of the problem, and mitigating the impact of the incident.

By implementing these concepts, you can help ensure the Safety/Security Concept for Collaborative Work Systems of your collaborative work systems, protecting sensitive information and resources while enabling effective collaboration among team members.

Read More…

TUV Austria BIC Safety Security

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification, Simply Safe

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification, Simply Safe

Whether you are an industrial company, plant operator, commercial or service sector, a start-up, or simply in the initial phase, TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification´s expertise gives manufacturers, operators, suppliers, authorities, and municipalities the essential added value of sustainable, flexible, and, above all, practical solutions.

TUV Austria Bureau of Inspection & Certification Simply Safe

Industry & Energy:

It offers industrial production, plant construction, mechanical engineering, and e-economy.

Infrastructure & Transportation: 

It produces customized services for the construction industry, building management, stage technology, games, sports and leisure, and automotive services.

Life, Training & Certification: 

It is an exceptional service provider in health care, the tourist industry and food production, primary and further training programs, and certification of persons and systems.

Service Providers & Public: 

It offers a diverse range of services for public authorities, financial services providers, and the telecom sector, e.g., risk management, IT security, municipalities, and administration.